Whether you're an American, European or Ukrainian, the war in eastern Ukraine is a big issue. Russia's attack is just one of many reasons to worry about this region. Here's a look at the topic's facts, opinions, resources, and more.
Resources
Several months after Russia invaded Crimea, Russian President Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale military offensive against Ukraine. The move marks Europe's most significant military incursion in over two decades.
The war has resulted in massive casualties and a refugee crisis. The United States and the European Union have responded with sanctions, putting the Kremlin on a tight economic leash. The ruble has weakened, and the Kremlin is struggling to keep its economy afloat.
During his first speech announcing the war, Putin telegraphed that his invasion would focus on eastern Ukraine. But it is unclear what the actual intentions of Russian forces are. In the past, Russia has accused Ukraine's government of being controlled by far-right neo-Nazis.
The "special military operation" has been going on for nine months, and it has caused the mass displacement of millions of Ukrainians. Several cities have been targeted by Russia, including Kyiv, Donetsk, and Luhansk.
A former Ukrainian Defence minister has warned that Russian occupation forces will face motivated resistance. He said that Ukrainians could organize thousands of small groups to attack Russian troops.
Fading power in eastern Europe
During the last decade, Eastern Europe has been liberated. However, it has not been released in the sense of having regained its freedom from communism. The Soviet Union imposed its communist system on most of the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe.
International lending institutions and the World Bank pumped a large amount of capital into the region. Many East European countries were flooded with electronic devices. Despite these efforts, the standard of living has declined in many countries.
The big question is how will the continent cope with globalization? It is not clear if political liberalism will be able to sustain itself. The rise of populism across Europe is also a significant concern. Liberal parties have performed poorly in Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania.
According to a survey by the International Monetary Fund, only 11 per cent of respondents say they have confidence in their political parties. The most common reason for this lack of confidence is that they feel politicians are corrupt.
Ukrainian ambitions to align itself more with Western countries
Having worked with Ukraine since 1991, the OECD has supported the country's reform efforts. The OECD Council has also condemned Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine.
While it's difficult to pin the origin of the conflict on just one event, it's clear that it started as a concern, with a political leader threatening to redraw the country's borders by force.
In this case, the Russian government acted to protect itself from further loss of influence in Ukraine. While some member states may be frustrated with how Russia has behaved, others want to avoid further escalation.
The United States, however, remains the main guarantor of security in Europe. In a time of war, this plays a vital role. In addition, President Biden has rallied nations of goodwill, urging them to "stand up to the world's politics of fear."
While Putin's decision to invade Ukraine hasn't been easy, he's also been forced to defend the country. The Russian government has a history of invading other NATO countries.
Putin's view of joining NATO as a "hostile act."
During a news conference on Thursday, Russian President Vladimir Putin made it clear that he would not tolerate Ukraine joining NATO. Instead, he argued that the United States and other Western nations should "roll back our military footprint in Eastern Europe".
While he has made similar statements in the past, this is the first time he has referred to it as an act of aggression. The current conflict is part of a decades-long ideology aimed at diminishing the Western presence in Eastern Europe and increasing Russia's influence in other countries.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the U.S. verbally committed to the Soviet leadership that it would not expand NATO into former Soviet states. However, the alliance has continued to violate that pledge.
In the early 2000s, many Eastern European nations joined the NATO alliance, including Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. They saw membership as a shield against former Soviet leaders.
In the Balkans, where many Eastern European nations aspire to join the European Union, Russia is working to create "bad boys" to block their progress. They are often referred to as fifth columns.
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